Improve Your Running Form and Walking Gait

In the Covid era, those of us who can exercise outside are doing so. We’re taking longer walks and that may also morph into running. We’re also spending (maybe) more time sitting in front of a screen when we’re not outside, yet we also have more time time on our hands to focus on our health and bodies. Probably a good thing during a pandemic, right? Walking is something we all do and most of us don't do it correctly because of old injuries and repetitive motions as creatures of habit. What follows is a series of suggestions of massages, stretches and exercises to build up good biomechanics in gait. (For today, I’m just going to focus on the lower body as I have a lot of potential suggestions with an upper body post to come.)

Note: everything in this post would also be relevant for those with lower back pain as all of these areas can play into that condition as well.

First, a few basic definitions.

Weak vs. Strong

Strong means that a joint can move in its full range of motion comfortably and with ease. It doesn’t mean how the muscle looks on the outside. Weak would be the opposite of this—a joint that can’t move full range or has pain when doing so. A muscle may also have lost its connection to your brain through an injury or movement compensation from some time in the past. Reconnecting that muscle will automatically make it seem ‘strong’ again because it’s linked back to your brain and can help a joint move appropriately.

Tight Muscles vs. Loose Muscles

Muscles pull on joints to get us to move so they’re like pulleys. Depending on how we hold or orient our body, some of those pulleys may get stuck in a certain direction, meaning one side may be locked short and the other locked long. Thing is, they’re both tight because they’re generally kind of stuck in one direction.

What does proper gait look like?

There are distinct phases to gait so a person would ideally pass through each phase when walking, equally, on both sides. But what happens with that old football injury you had in high school, or that time you feel off your bike, swing, chair, etc… Point is, over time, our bodies naturally make some little adjustments to keep putting one foot in front of the other. So when you decide that now you’re going to take that long walk or start to pick up running (which is a great idea!) those old, little adjustments your body has made may lead into some new areas that feel tight or have pain—or at least, they make you aware of their presence.

For our purposes here, we’re going to simplify to the major 3 phases that I’ll make reference to which are: heel strike, mid-stance and toe off. You can get nerdy about this stuff really fast. I’m going to break down each section starting at the feet of common compensations and how you’d want that area to be on your body.

Foot Goals

Most folks have tight feet.—yes this can be a shoe thing, but it’s also tied to stress and not having a full breath cycle. If you hold your breath, you may feel your feet tighten, it’s subtle, but trust me, it’s happening. Combine this with various shoe choices and boom, ya got tight feet. The feet have a lot of little joints in them, 33 to be exact, so they ideally function as a dexterous, shock-absorbing trampoline. Fun fact, that trampoline also mirrors and connects to your core. So, flexible, strong feet means you’ll use your core more in day-to-day walking and movement. You can keep your feet loose with this simple self-massage and I love love these—they’re a bit pricey, here's a more affordable version that has come out on the market.

Flexible toes, especially the big toe—Another thing that can affect that toe off phase is inflexible toes, particularly the big toe. If you have any form of a bunion, you’re in this category. (On a personal note, however, I’m actually more inflexible on the foot where I don’t have a bunion. 🤔 Haven’t figured this one out yet.) Your big toe should be able to bend upwards 30-45 degrees with your body weight on top. You may be able to find that flexibility laying down, but standing can be a completely different story. This is perhaps my favorite stretch to do before I go for a walk/run as getting that proper toe off completely changes my gait and how I feel muscles engage all the way up my leg. Improper toe off is another thing that can manifest in knee/hip/lower back pain. A way you can understand this re:lower back pain is if you try walking without bending your knees or ankles. You’ll kind of walk like a strange, stiff stork-like character. Where do you feel yourself hinging from? Exactly. A lot of folks walk with some version of this and don’t realize it.

Strong arches—You want the middle of the trampoline to be strong and supple so it can respond to any subtle shifts—this is part of how your body retains balance. You’d want to balance on trampolines (particularly with age and bone density deterioration) over ice skates. Here’s a simple way to do that, even while you watch tv.

Shoes that allow your ankle to move—In order for proper toe off (phase of gait) your knee needs to be able to cross in front of your ankle, over your toes. If your shoes are laced too tightly, they won’t allow for this phase to properly occur. Here’s my preferred way of lacing that I learned in an Aston Patterning workshop. Lacing your walking/running shoes all the way up to that hole that cuts back towards the ankle would be a no-no for the same reason. If your knees can’t clear over your ankles, you may have knee or even hip pain & lower back pain after walking/running.

Equal weight in your feet—Going back to the idea that we’ve all had a tumble or two in our lives since childhood and that our body creates compensation patterns to keep us keeping on, and then we end up walking using more of one leg than another. Yes, to walk we naturally sway our weight from one side to the other. Much of walking is balancing on one leg. The question is if we sway equally from one leg to another. If you don’t have equal balance between your legs, you can hear it when you walk down a hallway or in certain types of shoes. The sound from what one foot does to the other will be different. This is actually moreso a hip/pelvis issue, so we’ll address it later.

The pronation/supination debate—Thing is, in gait the foot pronates AND supinates at different points in gait to allow for shifting bodyweight. That said, yes, some feet send to err more to pronation or supination and that can be a piece of funky foot mechanics. My favorite way of addressing this is a bit complicated to just put into a blog post because if you re-orient the foot from pronation to more supination or vice versa, it will shift everything up the chain. I think it’s important that anything I write about/post to YouTube are things that you can do without hurting something else and this is an area that falls to a personalized session.

Ankles/Calves

Stretch your calves!-The calves help the ankle move. The ankle’s full range of motion is that stretch you may do on a curb to being up on your tip toes. Unless you’re an athlete or trudging the hills of San Francisco, you’re probably not getting that full range daily. We wear shoes that aren’t usually the best at facilitating good mechanics and we walk on flat surfaces all day in them. So, the calves get tight & weak—again, back to that level idea in the beginning of what those words mean. Trigger point work on your calves like this and stretching them—both front with this variation and back as seen here will help things all the way up the body. Tight calves can be a huge underpinning of knee/hip/lower back pain. *See imagery I mentioned on the flexible toe portion. Same thing applies here.

Strengthen your ankles-A really simple way to do this is via calf raises and this is huge for people to age well. People tend to shuffle their feet and waddle as they get older because these joints aren’t worked in full range-of-motion. Strong calves help prevent a ‘falling-and-I-can’t-get-up’ situation because your gait won’t allow you to tip over so easily and break something. Compare this with a ballerina and how everything is engaged when she’s on her toes—strong ankles=strong core. Oddly enough, getting good form on these can be tricky, so here’s a video that includes common errors.

Posterior chain (i.e. your derrière)

Desire buns of steel, well, kind of-Sitting for long periods of time, which we’re doing even more of in the Covid-era, makes the back of the thighs and the bum go flacid and/or get tight. Using a foam roller/massager to get blood flowing back into that area before exercising can help your brain be able to find those muscles see tips here and here. Sometimes it’s tension from the front side of the body that is shutting down the connection to the back side, so getting flow back to the quads like this video is super important as well. A modified pigon pose from yoga is an easy way to stretch all of these places at once, see my tips here.

Pelvic tilt-Think of the sides of your pelvis (where you ‘put your hands on your hips’) as having dials on them that you could rotate to change the pitch, like you can with a car seat. Next, try turning the dials backward—kind of like you’re doing cat/cow, this would be cat. Then dials forward so that the bowl of your pelvis would have soup spilling out of the front or cow. As you work these directions, which makes your spine feel like it’s getting longer? If it’s when you tip forward, then you’re likely a little too posterior on the regular, if the opposite is true, your pelvis sits a little more tipped forward. If your natural state is more posterior or cat, your hamstrings will be locked short and tight, if your natural state is anterior or tipped forward, the front of your hips and thighs will be locked short. So, giving stretching love to the locked short and exercise love to the locked long will, over time, help level you out. **This is something I also prefer to do one-on-one because changing this pitch will affect everything, especially your neck/shoulders. That said, any of the other exercises listed in this post can help.

Buckling into the knees vs hyperextension-Stand and force your kneecaps backwards—you may feel your quads (front of thigh muscles tighten). This is more of a gauge of hyperextension—another one is if you look at yourself from the side in a mirror, you can see your knee caps be forced backward. To correct this, slightly bring your knees forwards as you’re standing and feel your quads unlock. This is your happy place standing, in gait, it’s more a matter of strengthening the muscles of your thighs to hold your knees in their proper place. I find that a lot of people buckle into their knees when walking which correlates to weakness in the pelvic floor and core. I think this is also residual from sitting and the knees forget how to straighten properly. Both are correctable with the proper exercise program. Again, if you want help with that, reach out.

Inner/Outer Thighs (Adductors & Abductors)

Strengthen both-Generally, almost everyone is weak in these muscles, it’s just a matter if one side is locked short/long—particularly for those who have bow legged/knock knee patterns. There’s been a general backlash against foam rolling the IT band as it can’t technically lengthen since it’s a tendon not, not a muscle. Personally, I derive benefit from doing so, particularly for an old knee injury, so directions on how to do so here. My mantra on rolling the IT band, kind of like rolling anywhere, is if it hurts too much, don’t do it because you’re just creating tension in one place while trying to alleviate it in another. Here’s a way to foam roll the inner thigh that is super beneficial for knee pain and lower back issues. These guys also get pulled into the locked long/short patters depending on whether or not you have a pelvic tilt.

Now that these areas have more blood flow and the tissues are loosend up, it's time to work them. Work your inner thighs in full range of motion. For an abductor exercise, see the next section.

Instead of the IT band, look at the TFL-The Tensor Fasciae Latae is just above the IT band. So you can foam roll the IT band all-the-day-long, but you may have a tight and weak TFL. The TFL is critical for proper loading of body weight over the standing leg during mid-stance in gait and it’s under chronic shortening because of sitting. Here's a way to release the TFL with a ball or foam roller, and here’s a way to strengthen it along with the gluteus medius and minimus which all work in tandem for that portion of gait. They’re critical muscles for balance, so keeping strength here will help you in that capacity as well.

Is the problem in your jaw, or your hips?-If the jaw is off, it can throw off this lateral hip stability that the adductors and abductors help with. These are some of the more specific relationships I look at individually in session, but if you know you tend to hold tension here, or that you have jaw issues such as TMJ, your hips as jaw could be in a dysfunctional relationship. Doing some self massage before attempting 👆may help you access the target muscles more easily.

Hip Rotators (Piriformis)

Tight and Weak-In general, I find that most folks have tight and weak hip rotators with an underactive gluteus maximus. Here again, sitting is a major culprit, as these muscles just get lazy when a chair supports them all day and we hold our breath. You can release the piriformis with a tennis or lacrosse ball like so, and then follow that up with some glute strengthening with some hip bridges. I’ll record my favorite progression & post in the next week. You’d also want to get some strength back in those rotational muscles, so here’s my favorite series of exercises for that. Note, if you acutely have piriformis syndrome or lower back pain, I’d just start with some overall foam rolling the glutes like so and a gentle stretch such as this. If you attack the piriformis, I find that it has a hard bite back. Slow and steady is better and more effective in the long run.

Piriformis Syndrome- See notes 👆, but also want to add that the piriformis gets chatty, or ticked off, when weight is not being transferred down through the pelvis symmetrically. In other words, it can have a spinal tie in. You can kind of feel this if you sit and rock side-to-side, is there a side that your body really prefers to swing to? Is that the side where your piriformis is talking to you? Just a thought…I’ll address more upper body things for gait in another post.

Psoas

Oh the psoas-The trifecta of the psoas/quadratus lumborum/piriformis can wreak a lot of pain as well as faulty gait patterns. If you have any amount of crooked or imbalance going on, which most of us do, these guys are getting torked and pulled, which means they’re taking your spine and pelvis with them. Then there’s a lot of bodywork pundits out there with opinions on how or what not to do around psoas release. The psoas gets a lot of attention as THE fight-or-flight muscle as it pulls you into a ball and also helps you run. Personally, I don’t see this muscle as being any more connected to the nervous system or past trauma than any other place in the body. That said, the gentle form of release is the Constructive Rest Position. I’m not going to post here, but if you look that up, there’s plenty out there. If you have active lower back pain, you have probably intuitively done something similar.

Thing is, it’s usually one psoas that’s an issue, creating a torsion through the spine and pelvis. In this video, I instruct you to figure out which side you should release and how.

Iliacus-This is another partner to the psoas to the point where they’re jointly referred to as the iliopsoas. The iliacus lines the inside of your ilia (the butterfly bones of your pelvis). Self-release can be a little tricky. To most easily access the iliacus, I usually have people lay on their side (like you’re side sleeping) so that it moves the belly out of the way. Then you would take 4 fingers and try to essentially pry the muscles from the inside of the ilia—sort of like you’re scooping out ice cream from the inside of the butterfly bone. Depending on how dense your tissue is here, your hand might get tired quickly. But, even a little work here goes a long way to freeing up your pelvis and allowing for more movement in there when weight-shifting from leg to leg in walking/running.

Stretching the psoas-Perhaps the best way is Warrior 1 with the back leg turned out. Easy peasy.

Pelvic Floor Weakness

Weak tight or weak loose?- One, I refer to the pelvic floor in a more broad sense than just the PC muscles, I see them as anything front to bottom to back as anything that provides stability to the pelvis. In session, what I generally see is that more pelvic floors are tight over loose. If you birthed a child through the birth canal (at any point in your life), then yes, you’re more apt to be loose. Your pelvic floor is likely tight if you fit any of these: incontinence (can also be from loose), slow to urinate or if it comes out in a fast burst, male in gender.

If your pelvic floor is loose-try pressing the butterfly bones of your ilia towards one another with your hands. Kind of like you’re trying to squish yourself from the sides. If that feels good, I would look into purchasing and wearing a pelvic floor belt for a little while. They’re inexpensive and it might get your pelvic muscles firing up in a different way. Not to wear all the time, but if there’s an activity that feels stressful on your back or generally fatiguing like standing in one place for a long time (e.g. washing dishes), they can be really helpful.

Loosening the pelvic floor-Hear me out—the use of sex toys safely in either vaginal opening or anus can help. The video below more generally addresses the attachment sites of some of these muscles and can have a relaxation effect. Doing cat cow from yoga with a focus on the pelvis, which I walk through here, can also stretch these muscles.

Strengthening the pelvic floor-Going back to the beginning of this post, strength is the ability for a joint to move in full range. With that logic, deep, full squats are the best way to strengthen and stretch the pelvic floor, in my opinion. I know that this isn’t available to everyone, particularly with knee issues. At a minimum, you can use your pelvic floor to stand up from a seated position, see tips in a video here and see below for ways to deepen your squat. Tapping into how your bones spiral can improve your squat in a way that may help knee issues.

I'll do a similar post for things that affect running and walking form as well as stretches and exercises for the upper body. Sending well wishes to you and your loved ones during this time and hope this information allows you to connect with your body and the outdoors.

If you purchase from any of the links provided here, I receive a small commission as an Amazon affiliate.

Common Cause of Knee & Ankle Pain

TIGHT TOES! Take a little walk—long enough to get your stride and pace going and notice if you feel your ankle roll out to the side just a little bit as you push off. You may even feel a twinge of pain in your ankle or knee. Another option is to get someone to video you (maybe even in slow motion) and see if you can watch yourself doing it. It will look like a little ankle whip around as you propel forward as in the picture below.

How would the toes get tight?

The top two reasons from my experience with clients are shoe selection and not breathing fully. Any shoe that encourages a toe scrunch would create a situation where your body would start tighten when walking instead of being wide and open (I refer to this preferred state as ‘Frodo Feet’). This isn’t just the easy scapegoat of high heels and pointy shoes, flip flops or any shoe that is so loose that your toes have to work to keep them on would create tight toes. Wearing shoes that are too small or lacing shoes too tightly would cause similar footing.

Next, hold your breath and feel how your feet tighten up a bit (all your muscles, really). We all have a tendency to shallow breathe when we feel stressed, so being under prolonged stress or if you’re in a job/school environment where you heavily focus day-to-day, usually means that you’re holding your breath. I often see that if someone grew up in an environment where they were often afraid or anxious (this could also translate into present-tense adulthood) the toes also scrunch as a response to that fear factor. I call it the Bird-on-a-Wire grip whereas that Frodo Foot is grounded and open…calm.

How should I walk?

This goes with a bit of an * in that we’re all shaped differently and have varied movement/injury backgrounds so there isn’t one for sure right way. That said, the first two toes (big toe and second toe) should more or less line up with your shin bone and thigh bone. This may be difficult if you have flat arches or have had other lower leg injuries. These bones are considered your weight-bearing bones so your body weight is centered over the mid-line of your body. Your weight centered here would naturally allow your core and posture muscles to support you as you walk or run. Lack of weight-centering can cause weight to shift to the outer or lateral lines of the body in walking, which could be a factor in a tight IT band, lower back pain, knee pain and ankle issues.

As you take a step forward, the foot should roll through the mid arch to push off with the ball of foot and then the toes. If you have a tight first or second toe and/or a bunion, you are likely not pushing off of that foot correctly and you may be rolling to the outside of the foot as shown in the picture above.

An exercise to stretch your toes and allow for proper toe push off.

This simple stretch can be done with a rolled up towel or a tennis/lacrosse ball against a wall. In the video, my model is demonstrating it with one of my favorite foot stretching and release tools, the Yamuna Foot Savers. Here’s another way they can be used to release foot tension and help with plantar fasciitis. You can easily purchase them online through Amazon and they last forever. Take them with you when you travel because they take up virtually space and really help loosen the feet after sitting in a car or being in a plane for long periods of time. If you do have a bunion and this stretch feels uncomfortable, you can stretch your big toe off to the side and focus on your second toe. No need to do more than about 10ish repetitions on any given toe and only about once per day at most.

Happy, grounded feet=better balance and core stability!

Stretches to Relieve Lower Back Pain

Lower back pain can have many different causes. Muscle weakness, poor posture, disc/spinal issues, leg length differential or an old injury can all factor into back pain. That said, this chronic pain can be helped by stretching certain areas and building hip strength.

From a fascial (connective tissue) line perspective, the tension you feel in the lower back could be coming from anywhere along that posterior side of your body. So a tight foot or calf on that side could also be a tight sacrum. Below is a simple foot fascia stretch you could do while watching tv or before a walk/run. If you know you have tight calves, this is my favorite stretch to release the muscles as well as the fascial line.

For a more active approach, anyone with a tight lower back has tight quad muscles (front of thighs). This version integrates a yoga pose with some turbo options for stretching. Your front leg doesn't need to be crossed in front of the opposite thigh, you can just tuck that knee underneath you. You can also place a pillow underneath the glute that is stretching. Just being here may be intense enough. If so, breathe and visualize new space in your hips. You may also feel this more in your butt than in your quad. Try to bend the elongated leg for the thigh stretch. If your hamstring cramps, scroll up and do the calf stretch first. If you can bend the knee, this stretch is a great twofer for the thigh and rear.

Another area that can pull on the lower back is the groin. Most of us never think to stretch here yet it can really compound tension in the lumbar spine. This is a pretty intense stretch, so here is a more gentle stretch.

When you're out of the pain or as a preventative measure, you want to build hip strength. If you've recently had pain, doing this may not feel good, so listen to your body. If you feel a sharp pain, this is not for you right now. You may need more individualized help, so gimme a call! Or, reach out to your trusted chiropractor, massage therapist or physical therapist.

I find that lower back pain perhaps more than any other chronic pain area always has an emotional or stress-holding connection. I already wrote about how lower back pain connects with breath holding here. Some things to explore for the emotional connection would be: When did this pain start? What else was going on in your life around that time? Does the pain tend to get worse during certain times of the day? If it's in the morning, are you happy in your work/relationship? In the evening, are you feeling burdened by your responsibilities? Does it hurt more when you speak to a certain person? Are you holding or internalizing anger, frustration or another emotion with regard to that person?

Noticing your personal patterns can help you start to process some of these underlying aspects that are keeping this pain chronic. I believe this is a big reason why a massage or even a stretching routine doesn't keep the pain from coming back. If some of this resonates for you, visualize these emotions/memories leaving your body via your breath. Let it go!

Improve your Squat Form

A few years ago I visited Japan and enountered my first non-Western toilet on a regional train. Not only did I struggle at using 'squatty potty', it was even harder in a moving train. Perfecting and holding a full, deep squat with heels on the floor became my physical focus of that year. The deeper my squat became, the more I felt new muscles in my pelvis that I had no idea existed!

Squatting is a fundamental human movement and helps to maintain a healthy pelvic floor with core stability. As we squat, the pelvic floor has to expand like a suspension bridge to support us, meaning we have to let go of stress-holding in that area. Regularly practicing a full squat is a great way to release tension in the pelvic floor. It's also a great way to build hip strength if you have ever been pregnant.

As we spend more time in chairs with our knees and ankles fixed at 90 degree angles, squats become important for foot and knee health so that our body understands it can still move those joints deeply. We can forget about this until small children come into our lives and we realize that we don't feel confident squatting down to pick up the child from the floor. Not only are we lacking hip strength, there's a general inflexiblity in the lower joints of the body.

Squatting, and the muscles required to do one are important for aging well and not succumbing to a 'falling-and-I-can't-get-up' scenario. I'm an advocate of an unweighted squat, meaning just your body weight on these joints is sufficient. We're all shaped differently with different movement pasts, so I'm also more free form on how wide the feet are and if the legs are turned out or not. If your ankles are tight and you have a hard time keeping your heels down, hold onto something and place a towel or wedge under your heels. You can also try stretching your calves first to see if that helps your heels stay down. My favorite way:

You can deepen your squat if you understand that your bones spiral as you descend and ascend. If these bones didn't pivot and move, we would just toppple over. Feeling them move, and even coaxing your muscles with your hands, can remind your body that we're always in rotation and that twisting can allow for deeper movement and more core engagement.

Squatting is a phenomenal way to ground yourself and feel like you're connecting downward instead of holding the weight of the world on your shoulders. It doesn't matter how deep or how perfect your squat is, just try to drop down towards the earth and feel how you are supported. Feeling this sensation can help alleviate stress and relax the body. Feel how much your life can improve by doing a squat a day!

The Body Keeps Score

Did you know that if you (or someone you know) have suffered through abuse, a traumatic event or upbringing that the brain actually shifted as you (they) attempted to process the pain? This book has rocked my world the past couple of weeks in learning how amazing the body is and how healing from trauma is a layered process.

What is trauma?

In short, something that was stressful in which you felt alone. Obvious examples here include abuse, natural disaster, loss, terrorism and war. In looking at the behavioral patterns that can arise from trauma, I can't help but think most of us could cite some form of traumatic event(s)/relationship(s) in our lives.

How does the brain shift?

Trauma can actually change the brain's alert system and responding hormones in addition to leaving a mark on the brain similar to a stroke. The author, Bessel Van der Kolk, conducted a study where he showed participants images to trigger their trauma while monitoring their brain hemispheres. When participants were exposed to traumatic images, the right side of the brain that impacts how we perceive the world around us was activated, while the left, organizational side deactivated. The brain itself is in response mode to the trigger without real context of time or place. Moreover, the brain's response to trauma is pre-verbal so this explains why recounting what happened in a logical or coherent manner may be difficult or garbled.

While one may consciously choose not to respond to a trauma trigger, the body systems are still reacting, including hormones, which don't return back to normal levels after being in fight or flight or freeze mode. Because of this there is an internal disconnect so one may suffer from addiction or self-mutilation as well as illness, adrenal fatigue, fibromyalgia/chronic fatigue, poor sleep, memory issues, autoimmune disorders and irritability. (If you're super geeky about this stuff, as I am, he spends a good 10 pages going into brain chemistry specifics...but does so in a very approachable way for the brain science novice.)

What are some symptoms of trauma?

Hyper-vigilance-Because of the brain shift, one can be in a perpetual state of hyper-vigilance. This goes back to the perception lens--the brain is constantly surveying for a potential threat. This also means that one may project past traumas onto current life events.

Social isolation-Not wanting to engage with others because this could set off a trigger, so it's better to avoid interaction. On the flip side, fraternizing with those who have suffered the same trauma may feel safe (e.g. other veterans) yet this can also be limiting over time as one's identity shifts.

Loss of identity-You may more commonly know this as survivor's guilt as well as confusion if the person who abused you was supposed to be your caretaker/loved one.

Emotionally numb-A way to deal with the trauma is to disassociate from one's body and feelings, leaving one devoid of feeling.

Loss of imagination-If raised in an unsafe environment, all of the body's systems are in self-preservation (hyper-vigilance) mode so there's no room for imagination or exploration.

Risk-taking-The body releases endorphins which are like morphine, so one can become addicted to risks or even find pleasure in pain. The body seeks this out to overcome anxiety.

How does one heal?

The author suggests 3 approaches to be used in tandem as needed.

1. Top down with talk therapy, specifically EMDR, Internal Family Systems and Neurofeedback. If you're in Austin, there's a great clinic that uses these approaches. Find out more about them here.
2. Medications that will turn off the body's alarm systems.
3. Bottom up through the physical so that the body can experience something other than helplessness and rage which gets held in the viscera (i.e. having a broken heart, stomach in knots). He suggests this in particular for those who suffer from musculo-skeletal pains that may have an emotional root. Since that is my bag and this is my blog, I'm going to spend a bit more time on this and his suggestions.

Heal trauma with mindfulness.

Ki Hara Active Stretching for mindfulness and flexibility.

The first step in releasing the past is reconnecting with and establishing ownership of the body to feel, find peace and focus so that when things trigger the past, one can maintain internal calm. When we can connect with how we feel, we can begin to change perspective. If we can't feel, we are incapable of figuring out what our body needs and how we can best take care of it. By being present in our bodies, it is safe to revisit the past without being overwhelmed by it. We can start to have words for things we may have hidden from ourselves and reintegrate the pieces of ourselves that we've lost along the way. A way of coping with trauma is disassociating from our bodies, so mindfulness and breath work reaffirm who we are as a whole being.

The author recommends yoga as an avenue to mindfully connect with the body. A former client of his specifically cited that Pilates helped her heal from a traumatic event to her pelvis. I love both of these modalities, yet I don't think I learned to be deeply connected to my own body until I encountered Ki Hara Resistance Stretching (aka yoga on steroids). It has been amazing for helping myself and my clients reconnect with areas of the body that have been forgotten and then integrating them to the whole. It's particularly effective because when I'm working with a client, it becomes a partner effort to rediscovery. In other words, it's not someone alone in their own stretching practice (though this is another component for establishing ownership of one's body). I can be an objective pair of eyes for how your body is moving when there could be a more efficient way. If you haven't connected to a part of your body in a long time, how are you even supposed to know it's there?

I found this book to be incredibly insightful both for my own understanding of some areas I need to work on and to have more compassion for others who have are trying their best to heal. If you're one who is better with video over books, here's an interview with the author with some similar themes.